![]() Spotting fossils can be easy in some cases where the bones are a distinctive texture and colour compared to the surrounding rocks, but this is not always so and there are many things that look like bone and are not. Apart from the GPS it is all extremely low tech. This is one reason why researchers keep going back to the same sites, not only can it take years to excavate large specimens but there are new things available to find each trip. If the rocks and soils are eroding, then buried bones will come to the surface where they can be found – searching in areas where there is little or no erosion will never reveal anything new. Hunts are also focussed on regions of high erosion. Entire formations can be traced for hundreds of kilometres to find new areas to look for specimens and of course areas that have been productive before are likely to be so again. Dinosaurs do turn up in marine sediments occasionally but there’s generally little point hunting for them in rock laid down in the sea. Palaeontologists do not just roam around at random but obviously start with areas that are geologically of the correct age and rock type to hold the fossils we are looking for. Such a process may be low tech (or even no-tech, for some finds you don’t even need a geological hammer) though these days a GPS kit is pretty much standard. If you find something good then great, and if it needs a bit of digging to see the condition of the specimen or identify what it is, well that’s not big hardship and you are unlikely to waste days or months making a huge hole to find that there are a lot of bones correctly detected with your radar, but they are in too poor condition to collect. ![]() Looking for fossils on the surface, or ideally, just starting to erode out of the ground is quick and effective. In contrast the traditional methods still do well. There’s also a pure practicality aspect – you might detect a fossil deep underground but it’s not going to be worth the huge time and effort to excavate a giant hole to reach it (compared to something that is at or near the surface) not least when there is still a risk it will turn out to be something of no great interest. An expert fossil hunter can cover far more ground far more effectively than most of these machines and can get to areas up hills or in valleys that machines cannot. The costs in time, effort and money massively outweigh the benefits. Given that most of the best fossil hunting sites are in remote and inaccessible places like Badlands and deserts, taking machines like this out fossil hunting becomes a real issue. They also work only fairly locally, covering a small area at a time. These are expensive machines that can be large and unwieldy, require electricity and might need skilled technicians to use them or interpret the data. In both cases though there are further fundamental issues. This is in poor shape but it marks an area worth exploring. But this only works for relatively large bones that are near the surface which are also radioactive.Ī shattered pterosaur wing bone on a slope. In the right circumstances, fossils can have a higher level of radioactivity than the background levels and bones can be found. Similarly, some bones have been found with Geiger counters. You could do a lot of digging to find nothing more than a rock or a cavity in the ground. Moreover, fossils are often small and so a level of resolution is required that cannot normally be produced and there are plenty of variations and quirks to local geology that could throw up false negatives. ![]() Ground penetrating radar has been used, but the fundamental problem is that fossil bones are generally of very similar densities to the rocks in which they sit, so getting a measurable difference between them which would show you where to dig is difficult. A number of technologically driven techniques have been developed to try and improve the process, but they have had limited success and the rewards have not outweighed costs.
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![]() Promising review: " Y'all, these are a GAME CHANGER! Our 1-year-old wanted so badly to have more independence with feeding. Note: The spoons don't have a stopper, so please supervise your babies to make sure they don't stick the spoon too far back in their mouth. The second stage spoon is capable of holding more food and can even be loaded with solids for the child to grab and eat. The first stage spoon doubles as a teether, and is designed to introduce babies to holding utensils and exploring purees, as they soothe their sore gums. The set includes a stage one spoon and stage two spoon. Get it from Amazon for $8.88+ (available in 11 prints). Overall this is the BEST cup I've come across when it comes to capacity, functionality, and most importantly ACTUALLY NOT LEAKING!" - Ashley These are magnificent! They are easy to clean but then again I only use these for water so thicker liquid or drinks that tend to spoil may be more difficult to clean out. The only liquid that comes out is what is left behind in the top of the straw after he drinks from it, which there is nothing you can do to even fix that. I have been through sooooo many cups trying to find ones that will not leave a puddle of water behind when it's left in its near permanent horizontal resting place on the floor or break or pour when my son inevitably bashes it onto the hardwood floor. After all I have a toddler, they can make literally anything leak or spill. Promising review: " I was skeptical that these were ACTUALLY leak proof. Not too babyish for my older one and easy enough that my little guy can use them, we now have four of them! I’m sure a couple more are in our future! And the price is great." - shoelover Promising review: "The holy grail of sippy cups!! This cup is THE BOMB! No leaking, easy to clean, my 18- month-old, who wants to do and have everything like his 6-year-old brother, loves this cup! Both boys use them. I think this is a great way to make learning/practicing sight words fun! I am very happy with this purchase and I can see how it would be great for teachers in the classroom as well!!" - Jennie She loved this game! We played with the whole family and her 3-year-old sister even enjoyed playing (we show her the cards and have her find the word that matches on her Bingo card). Promising review: " Our first-grader was feeling really discouraged with her sight words and I've been trying to think of ways to encourage her and get her excited to learn things she doesn't already know. Once a player has covered the spaces on their card needed to win, they call BINGO! This version is a fun twist on the classic, but instead of calling out numbers, the leader calls out words (there are 46 most-used words), and players search their cards for a match and place a red chip on the match. The set comes with 36 playing cards, 264 playing chips, caller's mat and cards, and a storage box. ![]() Under the repeated bombing, production of all grades of lubricating oil decreased steadily, dropping from an average of 73,000 tons in the first four months of 1944 to 38,000 tons in August, to only 14,000 tons in January, 1945, and thereafter to almost nothing. The May, 1944, attacks on synthetic lubricating oil plants caused a crisis in the already critical aviation lubricating oil stocks, and shipments direct from the plants to the front became necessary. The German planning in January, 1944, showed that they fully expected to have the northwest refineries destroyed by the middle of the year. Plans were made to increase processing from crude in Austria and the eastern region by moving French and Italian equipment, and to hasten completion of several synthetic lubricating oil plants. The requirements for 1943 were met by short-range planning, by compromising requirements with production, by substituting lower quality products, by employing water-oil emulsions, and by using a higher percentage of reclaimed oil. Had the Hamburg air attack been divided or diverted to include the three principal northwestern lubricating oil refineries, the resulting industrial and military chaos would have been far-reaching. It takes a minimum of ten months to build such a refinery. The Allied air forces had demonstrated their strength over Hamburg in mid-summer 1943, but fortunately for the enemy, the large lubricating oil refineries was practically untouched. The stock position, always precarious, was at that time equal to only two months of consumption. Industry was already sharply rationed, and lubrication specialists had made extensive surveys to reduce industrial requirements. Only one new crude processing plant was scheduled to start before 1944, as indicated in Table B2.ġ943 Schedule for Starting New Lubricating Oil Plants Synthetic lubricating oil production had lagged initially because of the extremely high production costs and later because of lack of manpower and steel. The 1937 decree had not been observed to the letter, and some lubricant raw stocks had been diverted to fuel and other purposes. The loss of the Naples and Livorno refineries by bombing increased the Italian demands on Germany from 7,000 tons to 30,000 tons per year, an increase of 3 percent of the total German lubricating oil production.Įxpansion of crude oil processing capacity had lagged because of manpower and steel shortages, as well as of the poor outlook for increased crude oil production. The German air force had increased its demands for aviation lubricating oil alone from 62,000 tons to 87,000 tons per year, which was about 50 percent above the current production. The situation in late August, 1943 was somewhat different. Occupied and friendly territory, including Italy During the war, stocks were fairly well maintained, as shown in Table B1, except for brief crises. By substituting raw unrefined oils for some lubricants, by stressing the regeneration of used oil, and by generally guiding consumption and production, Germany was able to satisfy requirements with a minimum of processing expansion. It appears that the decision was then made to attempt to fill motor fuel requirements from coal hydrogenation and synthesis in the hope of satisfying lubricating oil needs from German crude. In 1937 governmental decree forbade the diversion of raw lubricating oil materials to any other product. Foreseeing eventual needs, the Germans in 1934 began to expand their lubricating oil processing facilities to obtain maximum production from native crudes. ![]() Oil fields discovered in Germany during the intensified drilling program in 1930-1934 yielded waxy oils that were unsatisfactory for lubricating oil manufacture as they required considerable additional refining. In general, lubricating oil was manufactured from wax-free crudes, which only required light refining to produced mediocre products. The crudes or semifinished materials imported were chosen to fit the eventual products manufactured. Lack of crude mineral oil forced prewar Germany to import a large portion of what she consumed. The factors affecting the German lubricating oil situation are thus somewhat different from those governing fuels, and therefore are discussed separately. Lubricating oils, though principally derived from petroleum, require either special kinds of petroleum, or special processing, or both, for their manufacture. ![]() Strategic Air Attack on the Lubricating Oil Industry ![]() If possible, please also include the approximate size of the bloom and a photo of the site. Please include your name, phone number, the location of the algae bloom, and the date and time you observed it. To report suspected large algae blooms or HABs, please contact Tess Danielson of DOEE’s Water Quality Division at (202) 724-5348 or. Reporting Suspected Algae Blooms or Harmful Algal Blooms People and pets should avoid direct skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion of water affected by HABs. Several species of cyanobacteria have the capacity to produce toxic chemicals that can harm human health and lead to illness or death for wildlife or pets. Take caution to limit any exposure to a suspected HAB. DOEE analyzes continuous, real-time water quality measurements of Chlorophyll from the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers to monitor for algae and cyanobacteria blooms.īlooms that have a negative impact on the environment are called Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). With low oxygen levels, fish cannot survive and the result may be a fish kill event.ĭOEE staff conducts regular surveillance and sampling to track the water conditions of the District’s rivers and streams. Large algae blooms can also deplete oxygen levels in the water as they die off. Without sunlight, the submerged plants will not survive and will no longer provide food or habitat for fish. An overabundance of algae or cyanobacteria can harm aquatic ecosystems by preventing light from reaching other plants below the surface of the water. While many forms of algae do not cause direct harm, some forms of algae and cyanobacteria can present health risks to wildlife, pets, or humans. ![]() Fertilizers, animal waste, sewage discharges, and stormwater runoff increase the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus and enhance conditions for algal growth. Some conditions that promote algal growth include slow-moving water, warm temperatures, and the availability of nutrients. They can sometimes be observed as floating mats on the water surface or simply as a change in water color.Īlthough algae blooms are natural events, they can be accelerated by manmade factors. Algae blooms occur when large amounts of algal cells are present in a body of water. Algae are major sources of food for aquatic life and create oxygen that fish use. Algae and cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are found naturally in aquatic environments and are an essential part of the ecosystem. ![]() It allows users to create notes, which can be:Įvernote can sync between all your devices and can be discussed and shared with others. You can upload document and whiteboard images to Word, PowerPoint, OneNote, OneDrive, and you can save them as PDFs or send them in mail.ĭragon Anywhere is a mobile dictation (speech to text) app that makes it easy to create documents of any length and edit, format and share them directly from your mobile device.Įvernote is designed for note-taking, organising, task lists, and archiving. /rebates/&252fistudiez-pro-1-4-4. Office Lens gets rid of shadows and odd angles, so images are easier to read. It’s great for capturing sketches, drawings and equations too, and even images without text. You don’t need to jot down notes, rely on blurry images or worry about misplacing anything. Office Lens can capture notes and information from whiteboards, menus, signs, handwritten memos, or anything with a lot of text. See how your grades go up as you stick to this app daily when planning your. By listening to text rather than reading, students are better able to comprehend reading materials or detect spelling errors in their own work. iStudiez Pro is one of the apps youll really USE in your daily school life. ![]() Moreover, NaturalReader is a great help to students with dyslexia or other learning difficulties. It is also an efficient proofreading tool it not only picks out mistakes in work but gives you a good sense of the natural flow of what has been written. iStudiez Pro has a full presence on Apple Watch, you can virtually stay notified of all the important events and homework due on your Apple Watch, with smartly designed notifications. NaturalReader is a text-to-speech (TTS) application that converts PDF files, MS Word documents, and e-books into spoken words. IStudiez is designed to make your student life easy by helping you keep a track of your busy schedule and better manage it. It checks for more than 250 types of spelling, grammar and punctuation errors, and enhances vocabulary usage. Grammarly is a useful tool for proofreading and editing your documents for grammar and spelling. Investing in the right tools will support you to stay motivated, keep you on track and boost your productivity.ĭon’t just study harder, study smarter and try the following apps that are available via Microsoft, Mac, Android, IOS and online. As technology continues to improve, there are more and more apps to help make studying easier. When it comes to studying, it's easy to get lost in all your notes and ideas. Your credit card statement charges will appear as "HTTP://IL 87” Viasat Live Chat Your credit card statement charges will appear as “AA WIFI” Gogo Live Chatġ-87 inflight Wi-Fi portal will display “Connected by Gogo” Phone:ġ-84 inflight Wi-Fi portal will display “Connected by Gogo” Opens another site in a new window that may not meet accessibility guidelines. Need assistance or have a question about your Wi-Fi service onboard? American Airlines Wi-Fi Subscription Plan Live ChatĪir: Inflight Wi-Fi portal choose Contact Us Opens another site in a new window that may not meet accessibility guidelines Wi-Fi legal terms This content can be expanded Panasonic international Wi-Fi services are not included in the American Airlines Wi-Fi Subscription Plan.Īmerican Airlines Wi-Fi Subscription Plan ![]() and Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean or Central America, where network coverage is available. Your monthly Wi-Fi subscription will be valid on most domestic flights operating between airports within the United States, or between the U.S. billing address saved in your AAdvantage ® account
![]() Shoreline, sunshine and endless fun await at Ocean Reef Resort! Located on the northside of Myrtle Beach, Ocean Reef features a quiet beachfront, top-of-the-line accommodations, great on-site dining, a variety of water amenities from the water slide to the indoor and outdoor pools, and easy access to the city’s best shopping, restaurants, and nightlife. The expected nightly rate for Ocean Reef Resort is around 315 a price that is 6 cheaper than the city average. Maximum 5 guests if utilizing the daybed. Vacation in luxury at North Beach Resort & Villas! Lay out on the Caribbean-themed pool deck, enjoy a drink at the swim-up pool bar, or even relax in a private cabana! North Beach Resort & Villas offers a wide variety of accommodations from 1–5-bedroom oceanfront condos in the Towers to 1-5 bedroom private villas! Bringing a large group? They even have a 7-bedroom oceanfront penthouse! Check rates here: In Myrtle Beach, the average nightly rate for 3 stars hotels is 334.12. Ocean Reef has a main open-plan living and seating area with king bed plus a private bedroom with two twin beds. ![]() Looking for a place to stay during CCMF? Check out these properties from Brittain Resorts! News, Where to Stay, CCMF 2022 | Mar 30, 2022 I was there for the golf, if it was myself and the family instead of a bunch of guys it might be different.Where to Stay Wednesday: North Myrtle Beach and Villas & Ocean Reef Resort The Coral Reef Beach Resort offers a vacation getaway as active or as relaxing as you choose to make it. Let us make your next experience on Florida’s Gulf Coast an unforgettable one Our vacation specialists are ready to help Call 800.782. Private rap around oceanfront balcony with comfortable seating to take in the views and warm sea breeze. Save more at the Breakers Myrtle Beach Resort by getting the latest news & deals from. I would stay here again, as I said, the resort was good, just not very good. Ocean Reef is dedicated to helping you find the ultimate Destin, Florida rental home or condo. Sign up to receive news and money discounts for your next vacation. With ample room for up to eight guests, this dreamy seaside rental is an ideal choice for families, friends, and golf groups alike. Centrally located in the heart of Myrtle Beach, Ocean Reef Resort 223 is a dazzling, two-bed, two-bath, oceanfront condo. This spacious 1800 sq ft unit features a full kitchen with a living room and dinning area. Then slow down and coast awhile at Ocean Reef Resort 223. The shower too some time adjusting to add it was quite the task getting the right temperature. Unit 1026 in Ocean Reef Resort is a corner unit with an oceanfront wrap around balcony that is direct ocean front. (I cleaned the trap and found the vent itself was clogged and I couldn't get all of it without tools) See 4,819 traveler reviews, 2,456 candid photos, and great deals for Ocean Reef Resort, ranked 18 of 199 hotels in Myrtle Beach and rated 4 of 5 at Tripadvisor. My room could have used some TLC, the entrance door looked like someone had tried to break in, the dryer was older and usually took 2 cycles to dry a small load. Now 199 (Was 506) on Tripadvisor: Ocean Reef Resort, Myrtle Beach. Check out the descriptions below to find a unit that suits your needs. These suites are sure to capture your interest with their comfortable and spacious surroundings. We have an array of styles and layouts to choose from with breathtaking views of the Atlantic Ocean and resort grounds. Eloquently set, these two bedroom, two bathroom suites are filled with space for everyone, with each apartment having a beautiful view overlooking the marina. ![]() The resort itself seemed dated, the lobby and entrance seemed newer, but once you got to the rooms you noticed it. The accommodations at Ocean Reef Resort are designed with you in mind. The breakfast buffet was pretty standard, didn't have a bad or outstanding breakfast the whole week.Ĭleaning staff were good, on time and friendly. I found all the people very nice, courteous and friendly. Our beautiful oceanfront resort offers the best in top-of-the-line accommodations, amenities, activities and much more. It's my first time there having started in multiple resorts along the beach over the last 20 years. ![]() I started there this October 19-26 as part of my yearly golf week package. I wanted to give this resort a good review but trip advisor doesn't allow that, I don't think it deserves a "very good" but it is above average. ![]() Alistair Grout and the second against the fledgling. The traditional legal institution behind the blood hunt is the Lextalionis, or lex talionis, a legal principle that can be summarized as "an eye for an eye".ĭuring the course of Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines two blood hunts are called by Prince LaCroix, the first on Nines Rodriguez for the murder of Dr. Some vampires use the blood hunt as a time to settle scores and get rid of rivals and enemies, and no few vampires have indulged in the chance to commit diablerie on their target or on other vampires who had the misfortune to get caught in the crossfire. Any Kindred who provides assistance to the target of a blood hunt will often become the next to be hunted. If they don't, then they are open to retribution by their fellow Kindred. ago If you call that spyware, you have no idea about tech or software and really shouldn’t be commenting (talking about the Twitter user, not you). by Night, guiding you through the basic concepts in this roleplaying game of personal horror and political intrigue. Typically, the damned have until midnight to escape the city. Intro to Vampire: The Masquerade.Introductory video featuring Josephine McAdam from L.A. Princes have used the Blood Hunt as a means to eliminate political or personal opposition as well, although this is, strictly speaking, forbidden, and the misuse of the blood hunt can have severe consequences on the prince in the long term.Īny Kindred who hears the order for a blood hunt is expected to participate, although it's not required unless the Kindred in question has committed truly serious offenses (such as deliberately or repeatedly violating the Masquerade). The new report focuses on a Chinese spyware app with more. Such an order is usually given whenever a Kindred has committed a serious offense, such as kinslaying, diablerie, breaching the Masquerade, invasion of domain that has resulted in any of the above offenses, or any other behavior that a prince deems to be a sufficient threat to the safety of the Masquerade and the Kindred of the city as a whole. The scourge of Android permission abuse has reared its ugly head again in the latest disclosure from the research team at VPNpro. A blood hunt is an order given by the prince of a city, calling for the Final Death of another Kindred. Bloodhunt is a thrilling free-to-play battle royale game set in Prague consumed by a ruthless war between vampire factions. ![]() Space Punks is an addictive Puzzle Game with a high twitch factor Create awesome chain reactions to. Space Punks is designed to be a living, breathing, and ever-changing gameworld - a true living game built in line with Flying Wild Hog’s creative mission to make action-packed, fast-paced, and wholeheartedly unique titles that transport players into unexpected and exciting new worlds. ThePopularApps rating: 4.5/5 iOSAPPSPY rating: 4.1/5. Welcome to the Space Punks Wiki Were a collaborative community website about Space Punks that anyone, including you, can build and expand. The latest Tweets from Space Punks (SpacePunks). Players are given the chance to blast their way to fame, glory and wealth by taking on lucrative contracts on far-flung planets against impossible odds. These live-service games are expected to become more popular as developers and publishers look for new ways to keep players engaged.Hey everyone, and welcome to the official Space Punks Reddit, a new co-op action RPG by Flying Wild Hog, the first title to be released by Jagex’s third-party publishing division – Jagex Partners.Ī top-down looter shooter, Space Punks features crazy, over-the-top action in a unique, irreverent sci-fi setting. As a live-service game, Space Punks will consistently be updated to include new planets, features, enemies and missions to promote growth and keep fans interested.Īs more news continues to be released about the upcoming game, fans are excited to see how Flying Wild Hog and Epic Games develop the RPG game. New gameplay will be added to the game in order to maintain consistent growth. 8 artists pay homage to CryptoPunks with 1000 handmade collages framing a curated set of silhouettes from the iconic. ![]() Music Publishing that can collect royalties in the music publishing space. In addition to these features, the game developers will be adding more game modes and missions to keep the game interesting. Space Punks Club (SpacePunksClub) twitter followers stats shows that the account has 45.8K followers count with 2130 Tweets. Don't have Twitter auto-post to Facebook they're different platforms. Space Punks will allow players to team up with other players to hunt for these treasures using a variety of different weapons. The current floor price for a Space Punks Galaxy NFT is 0.01 ETH. Lay siege to hordes of alien scumbags, harvest their loot and tool up to take on bigger. Blaze a trail alone or team up with three fellow intergalactic thieves to form a formidable fortune-hunting foursome. The game will be a co-op RPG game in which players can hunt for treasures. Space Punks Galaxy is a 1111 piece NFT collection stored on the Ethereum blockchain. Space Punks is a living, evolving, online co-op action RPG space romp that will see you shootin' and lootin' your way across the galaxy. Flying Wild Hog says that they will combine melee combat, ranged combat and movement from their previous games in their development of Space Punks. Fly solo or team up with three misfits to lay siege to hordes of alien scumbags, harvest their loot and become the ultimate galactic badass. By doing this, players have better and more options. Space Punks is a free-to-play online co-op ARPG that will see you shootin’ and lootin’ your way across the galaxy. ![]() The game pumped out its second major early access patch last week that overhauled crafting and weapons specs. Arguably more challenging is the way social media has blurred the space between our. Jagex’s and Flying Wild Hog’s action RPG with a ‘tude, Space Punks, is taking a break from its high-powered rampages to get a little more crafty. To keep up with all the new and juicy details, as well as. Flying Wild Hog helped to develop popular games such as the Shadow Warrior series, along with Trek to Yomi and Evil West. No longer the advent of Facebook and Twitter mean that rumors. Space Punks is designed to be a living, breathing, and ever-changing gameworld - a true living game built in line with Flying Wild Hog’s creative mission to make action-packed, fast-paced, and wholeheartedly unique titles that transport players into unexpected and exciting new worlds. Get ready to blast your way through the galaxy for fame and fortune, but leave your wallet behind cause it’s gonna be Free-to-Play! /hobRwFtCWGįlying Wild Hog, the developer for the game, has become well known because of their past games. Space Punks Open Beta starts on April 20th. ![]() Distinct radiographic features of MOG-AD, differing from typical findings in MS, have been described in several studies ( 7– 10). Clinical manifestations include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis that is often bilateral and/or severe, transverse myelitis that may be short segment or longitudinally extensive, unilateral cortical FLAIR-hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES) ( 4)/unilateral cerebral cortical encephalitis (UCCE) ( 5), and brainstem encephalitis ( 3, 6). MOG-AD is a CNS demyelinating disorder that affects both pediatric and adult patients with a median age of onset in the fourth or fifth decade of life ( 3). The advent and further optimization of a live cell-based serum assay for detection of its diagnostic biomarker, MOG-IgG ( 1, 2), has permitted characterization of the clinical and radiographic spectrum of MOG-AD. Our understanding of the clinical spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOG-AD) is in its infancy when compared to better studied central nervous system demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). The presence of positive cases with and without demyelinating features, emphasizes a need for testing in the appropriate clinical context, analysis of titer value and clinical interpretation. In our cohort, the PPV for MOG-IgG improved utilizing a titer cut-off of ≥1:40. Validated diagnoses of the remaining positive patients without MOG-AD included: migraine ( n = 2, titers 1:20, 1:100), inclusion body myositis ( n = 1, titer 1:100), autoimmune encephalitis ( n = 2, titers 1:20, 1:20), hypoxic ischemic brain injury ( n = 1, titer 1:20), IgG4-related disease ( n = 1, titer 1:20), and idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis ( n = 1, titer 1:20). The treating diagnosis for one RRMS patient with a 1:40 titer was subsequently modified to MOG-AD by treating neurologists. Three MOG positive cases had a prototypical multiple sclerosis diagnosis (RRMS n = 2, titers 1:20 and 1:40 PPMS n = 1 1:100). Using a ≥1:40 titer cutoff, 65 (3.5%) tested positive and PPV was 93.8%. Of 1,877 patients tested, 78 (4.2%) patients tested positive for MOG-IgG with titer ≥1:20, and of these, 67 had validated MOG-AD yielding a PPV of 85.9%. MOG-IgG positive cases were reviewed for fulfillment of typical MOG-AD clinical features, determined by treating neurologists and study authors. All were tested via the MOG-IgG1 fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay (Mayo Laboratories, Rochester, MN). The Massachusetts General Brigham Research Patient Data Registry database was queried for patients with positive serum MOG-IgG detection, at least once, between Januand March 25, 2021. In this real-world institutional cohort study, we determined the PPV of serum MOG-IgG for clinically defined MOG-AD in our patient population. PPV may vary depending upon the tested population, thus supporting further investigation of MOG-IgG testing at other centers. The positive predictive value (PPV) of MOG-IgG testing by live cell-based assay was reported to be 72% in a study performed at the Mayo Clinic using a cut-off of 1:20. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease (MOG-AD) is a CNS demyelinating disease, typically presenting with optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and/or ADEM-like syndromes. 2Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.1Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.Klawiter 1, Tanuja Chitnis 2, Michael Levy 1 and Marcelo Matiello 1 The proclamation of World Logic Day by UNESCO, in association with the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences (CIPSH), intends to bring the intellectual history, conceptual significance and practical implications of logic to the attention of interdisciplinary science communities and the broader public.Giovanna S. Logic, as the investigation on the principles of reasoning, has been studied by many civilizations throughout history and, since its earliest formulations, logic has played an important role in the development of philosophy and the sciences.ĭespite its undeniable relevance to the development of knowledge, sciences and technologies, there is little public awareness on the importance of logic. According to the classic western tradition, human beings are defined as “rational” or “logical animals”. In different cultures, the definition of humanity is associated with concepts such as consciousness, knowledge and reason. ![]() ![]() The ability to think is one of the most defining features of humankind. |
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